Liquefied Gas Handling Principles On Ships and in Terminals

Liquefied Gas

Handling Principles On Ships and in Terminals

McGuire and White

 

THIRD EDITION

irst Edition 1986

Second Edition 1996

Third Edition 2000

© Copyright SIGTTO, Bermuda 1986, 1996, 2000

ISBN 1 85609 1643

    

 

All rights reserved

Published and Printed in Great Britain by

Witherby & Co Ltd

32-36 Aylesbury Street

London EC1R 0ET, England

 

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

While the information given has been gathered from what is believed to be the best sources available and the deductions made and recommendations put forward are considered to be soundly based, this book is intended  purely as helpful guidance and as a stimulation  to  the development of more data and experience on the subject.

No responsibility is accepted by the Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators Ltd or by any person, firm, corporation or organisation who or which has been in any way concerned with the compilation,  publication,  supply  or  sale  of  this  textbook,  for  the  accuracy  of  any  information  or soundness of any advice given herein or for any omission herefrom or for any consequence whatsoever resulting directly or indirectly from the adoption of the guidance contained herein.

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Preface to third edition

Liquefied Gas Handling Principles, after two previous editions, is firmly established as the standard text for the industry’s operational side. It is an indispensible companion for all those training for operational qualifications and an accessible work of reference for those already directly engaged in liquefied gas operations. Its appeal extends also to many others, not directly involved in the operational aspects of the industry, who require  a  comprehensive   and  ready  reference  for   technical   aspects   of   their businesses.

It is therefore important for Liquefied Gas Handling Principles to be kept thoroughly up to date. Although there are no single major changes from previous editions, this, its Third Edition, comprises  many amendments that together ensure the work is kept current with contemporary operating practices.

Preface to second edition

Since publication of the first edition, this book has become an acknowledged text for courses leading to the award of Dangerous Cargo Endorsements for seagoing certificates of competency. In this regard, the book’s contents are now recommended by IMO in the latest revision of the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping convention. In addition, the book is being used increasingly for many non-statutory courses involving the training of marine terminal personnel. These achievements are due to the efforts of many SIGTTO members who have ensured comprehensive and practical coverage of the subject.

This second edition of Liquefied Gas Handling Principles on Ships and in Terminals is produced to bring the first edition up to date. The main changes stem from publication by  IMO  of  the  International  Code  for  the  Construction  and  Equipment  of  Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code). This Code was under preparation at the time  of  the  first  edition  but  was not  fully  covered  as publication  dates  for  each coincided. Also, since the IGC Code was printed, a number of amendments have been made to it. These changes are incorporated into the Safety of Life at Sea convention and, therefore, need coverage. At the time of writing, further amendments to the Gas Codes are being considered by IMO and these are also covered in this edition. One such is the new framework of rules and guidelines covering the Loading Limits for ships’ cargo tanks. This initiative has direct relevance to ship’s personnel and needs to be understood by staff involved in cargo handling operations at loading terminals.

The new second edition also includes the appropriate parts from the most up to date Ship/Shore Safety Check List as printed in the latest edition of the International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals. This check list should be used by all terminals

handling gas carriers. The Ship/Shore Safety Check List is supported by IMO in its Recommendations on the Safe Transport of Dangerous Cargoes and Related Activities in Port Areas.

Revision of the original text was also necessary due to the introduction  of stricter environmental requirements; the decision to ban the use of halon as a fire- extinguishing medium is one example of such changes. Growing environmental awareness concerning many halogenated hydrocarbons (halons) and refrigerant gases such as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), resulting from an international agreement called the Montreal Protocol on Substances which Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987), will cause gradual phasing out and replacement by other products.

 

Preface to first edition

 

This textbook,  published  by the Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators (SIGTTO), deals with the safe handling of bulk liquid gases (LNG, LPG and chemical  gases) and  emphasises  the  importance  of  understanding  their  physical properties in relation to the practical operation of gas-handling equipment on ships and at terminals. The book has been written primarily for serving ships’ officers and terminal  staff  who  are  responsible  for  cargo  handling  operations,  but  also  for personnel  who  are  about  to  be  placed  in  positions  of  responsibility  for  these operations.

The contents cover the syllabus for the IMO Dangerous Cargo Endorsement (Liquefied Gas) as outlined in the IMO Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping convention. The text is complementary to the Tanker Safety Guide (Liquefied Gas) and the IMO Gas Carrier Codes. Where a point regarding ship design requires authoritative interpretation, reference should always be made to the IMO Codes. The importance of the ship/shore interface in relation to the overall safety of cargo handling operations is summarised in Chapter Six and stressed throughout the text.

Names of compounds  are those traditionally used by the gas industry. In general, Systeme  International  (Sl) units  are  used  throughout  the  book  although,  where appropriate,  alternative units are given. Definitions are provided  in an introductory section  and  all sources  of  information  used  throughout  the  text  are identified  in Appendix 1. A comprehensive index is also provided for quick reference and topics which occur in more than one chapter are cross-referenced throughout the text.

This textbook is also intended as a personal reference book for serving officers on gas carriers and for terminal operational staff.

    

Acknowledgements

 

The original text of this book was devised and drafted by Graham McGuire and Barry White of the Hazardous Cargo Handling Unit (now The Centre for Advanced Maritime Studies, Edinburgh, UK) to whom the Society expresses its sincere gratitude.

Particular thanks is also due to Michael Corkhill, Roger Ffooks, Paddy Watson and the late Alberto Allievi for their work on the first edition.

When revising the text in 1995 valuable assistance was received from Martin Boeckenhauer, Doug Brown, Michael Corkhill (again), John Glover, Jaap Hirdes, Roy Izatt, Mike Riley and Bill Wayne all of whom have the express thanks of the Society. For the new edition, many revised drawings are provided and in this regard thanks are due to David Cullen and Syd Harris.

Appreciation  is  also  expressed  to  the  SIGTTO Secretariat  who  co-ordinated  the comments received.

Finally, the  Society  acknowledges  the  personal  assistance  from  many  individuals within the SIGTTO membership worldwide who have ensured that the text will be of direct relevance to all concerned with the safe and reliable marine transportation and terminalling of liquefied gases.

 

Contents

	PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION	Page No. v
	PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION	v
	PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION	vi
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	vii
	FIGURES AND TABLES	xv
	DEFINITIONS	xix
	EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS	xxviii
CHAPTER 1	INTRODUCTION	1
1.1	Liquefied gases	1
1.2	Liquefied gas production	2
1.2.1	LNG production	3
1.2.2	LPG production	5
1.2.3	Production of chemical gases	6
1.2.4	The principal products	7
1.3	Types of gas carriers	9
1.4	The ship/shore interface and jetty standards	12
1.4.1	Safe jetty designs	12
1.4.2	Jetty operations	12
CHAPTER 2	PROPERTIES OF LIQUEFIED GASES	15
2.1	Chemical structure of gases	15
2.2	Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons	17
2.3	The chemical gases	19
2.4	Chemical properties	20
2.5	Inert gas and nitrogen	24
2.6	Polymerisation	26
2.7	Hydrate formation	28
2.8	Lubrication	28
2.9	Physical properties	29
2.10	States of matter	29
2.10.1	Solids, liquids and gases	29
2.10.2	Spillage of liquefied gas	32
2.11	Principles of refrigeration	32
2.12	Critical temperatures and pressures	34

2.13		Liquid/vapour volume relationships	Page No. 34
2.14		Ideal gas laws	34
2.15		Saturated vapour pressure	37
2.16		Liquid and vapour densities	41
	2.16.1	Liquid density	41
	2.16.2	Vapour density	42
2.17		Physical properties of gas mixtures	43
2.18		Bubble points and dew points for mixtures	44
2.19		Reliquefaction and enthalpy	46
	2.19.1	Enthalpy	46
	2.19.2	Refrigeration	46
2.20		Flammability	48
2.21		Suppression of flammability by inert gas	52
2.22		Sources of ignition	53

CHAPTER 3	PRINCIPLES OF GAS CARRIER DESIGN	57
3.1	Design standards and ship types	57
3.1.1	The gas carrier codes	57
3.2	Cargo containment systems	58
3.2.1	Independent tanks	59
3.2.2	Membrane tanks	62
3.2.3	Semi-membrane tanks	65
3.2.4	Integral tanks	66
3.2.5	Internal insulation tanks	66
3.3	Materials of construction and insulation	66
3.3.1	Construction materials	66
3.3.2	Tank insulation	66
3.4	Gas carrier types	67
3.4.1	Fully pressurised ships	68
3.4.2	Semi-pressurised ships	68
3.4.3	Ethylene ships	69
3.4.4	Fully refrigerated ships	69
3.4.5	LNG ships	70
3.5	Gas carrier layout	70
3.6	Survival capability	72
3.7	Surveys and certification	72
3.7.1	Certificate of fitness	72
3.7.2	Other certification	73

CHAPTER 4	THE SHIP — EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION	75
4.1	Cargo pipelines and valves	75
4.1.1	Cargo pipelines	75
4.1.2	Cargo valves and strainers	76
4.1.3	Emergency shut-down (ESD) systems	77
4.1.4	Relief valves for cargo tanks and pipelines	77
4.2	Cargo pumps	79
4.3	Cargo heaters	86
4.4	Cargo vaporisers	87
4.5	Reliquefaction plants and boil-off control	87
4.5.1	Indirect cycles	87
4.5.2	Direct cycles	88
4.6	Cargo compressors and associated equipment	91
4.6.1	Reciprocating compressors	92
4.6.2	Screw compressors	94

	4.6.3	Compressor suction liquid separator	Page No. 95
	4.6.4	Purge gas condenser	95
	4.6.5	LNG boil-off and vapour-handling systems	96
4.7		Inert gas and nitrogen systems	96
	4.7.1	Inert gas generators	97
	4.7.2	Nitrogen production on ships	100
	4.7.3	Pure nitrogen from the shore	100
4.8		Electrical equipment in gas dangerous spaces	101
4.9		Instrumentation	102
	4.9.1	Liquid level instrumentation	102
	4.9.2	Level alarm and automatic shut-down systems	107
	4.9.3	Pressure and temperature monitoring	107
	4.9.4	Gas detection systems	108
	4.9.5	LNG custody transfer systems	108
	4.9.6	Integrated systems	109
	4.9.7	Calibration	109

CHAPTER 5        

 THE TERMINAL — EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION                                   111

5.1                        Cargo transfer systems                                                              111

5.1.1              Hoses                                                                                 111

5.1.2              Hard arms (loading arms)                                                     112

5.1.3              Vapour return                                                                       116

5.1.4              Insulating flanges                                                                 118

5.2                        Shore storage                                                                             118

5.2.1              Pressurised storage at ambient temperature                          118

5.2.2              Storage in semi-pressurised spheres                                   122

5.2.3              Refrigerated storage at atmospheric pressure                      123

5.2.4              Construction materials and design                                       128

5.3                        Ancillary equipment                                                                   129

5.3.1              Pressure relief venting                                                          129

5.3.2              Pipelines and valves                                                           129

5.3.3              Pumps, compressors and heat exchangers                        131

5.4                        Instrumentation                                                                         134

5.4.1              Product metering                                                               134

5.4.2              Pressure, temperature and level instrumentation                  137

5.4.3              Gas detection systems                                                      137

5.5                        Fire-fighting                                                                              137

5.5.1              Water                                                                                138

5.5.2              Foam                                                                                138

5.5.3              Dry chemical powders                                                        138

5.5.4              Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) systems                                          139

5.5.5              Halon replacements                                                           139

5.5.6              Inspection, maintenance and training                                  140

CHAPTER 6         

THE SHIP/SHORE INTERFACE                                                                            141

6.1                        Supervision and control                                                            141

6.2                        Design considerations                                                              143

6.2.1              The terminal                                                                      143

6.2.2              The ship                                                                             143

6.3                        Communications                                                                      144

6.3.1              Prior to charter                                                                  144

6.3.2              Prior to arrival                                                                   144

6.3.3              Alongside the jetty                                                             145

6.4                        Discussions prior to cargo transfer                                          145

6.5		Ship/Shore safety check list	Page No. 146
6.6		Operational considerations	147
	6.6.1	Berthing and mooring	147
	6.6.2	Connection and disconnection of cargo hoses and hard arms		148
	6.6.3	Cargo tank atmospheres		148
	6.6.4	Cargo handling procedures		149
	6.6.5	Cargo surveyors		149
	6.6.6	Gangways and ship security		150
	6.6.7	Bunkering		150
	6.6.8	Work permits		151
6.7		Fire-fighting and safety		151
6.8		Linked Emergency shut-down systems		152
6.9		Terminal booklet — Information and Regulation		153
6.10		Training		154

CHAPTER 7         

CARGO HANDLING OPERATIONS                                                                          155

7.1                        Sequence of operations                                                                155

7.2                        Tank inspection, drying and inerting                                              156

7.2.1              Tank inspection                                                                      156

7.2.2              Drying                                                                                   156

7.2.3              Inerting — before loading                                                        157

7.3                        Gassing-up                                                                                  160

7.3.1              Gassing-up at sea using liquid from deck storage tanks                                 161

7.3.2              Gassing-up alongside                                                           161

7.4                        Cool-down                                                                                   163

7.5                        Loading                                                                                       165

7.5.1              Loading — preliminary procedures                                         165

7.5.2              Control of vapours during loading                                           167

7.5.3              Loading — early stages                                                        168

7.5.4              Bulk loading                                                                          170

7.5.5              Cargo tank loading limits                                                       171

7.6                        The loaded voyage                                                                      174

7.6.1              Operation of the reliquefaction plant                                       176

7.6.2              LNG boil-off as fuel                                                               177

7.7                        Discharging                                                                                 177

7.7.1              Discharge by pressurising the vapour space                           178

7.7.2              Discharge by pumps                                                             178

7.7.3              Discharge via booster pump and cargo heater                       182

7.7.4              Draining tanks and pipelines                                                 183

7.8                        The ballast voyage                                                                      183

7.9                        Changing cargo (and preparation for drydock)                               184

7.9.1              Removal of remaining liquid                                                   185

7.9.2              Warming-up                                                                          186

7.9.3              Inerting — after discharge                                                      187

7.9.4              Aerating                                                                               188

7.9.5              Ammonia — special procedures                                            189

7.10                      Ship-to-ship transfer                                                                   190

7.11                      Conclusion                                                                                  190

CHAPTER 8         

CARGO MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION                                                     191

8.1                        Principles for liquefied gases                                                   191

8.1.1              Special practices for gas cargoes                                      191

8.1.2              General. Density in air and density in vacuum                     192

	8.1.3	True density (apparent density)	Page No. 193
	8.1.4	Relative density (specific gravity)	193
	8.1.5	Apparent relative density (apparent specific gravity)	194
	8.1.6	LNG quantification	195
	8.1.7	Shore measurement versus ship measurement	195
8.2		Measurement of cargo tank volumes	196
	8.2.1	Trim correction	196
	8.2.2	List correction	197
	8.2.3	Tape correction	197
	8.2.4	Float correction	198
	8.2.5	Tank shell contraction and expansion	198
8.3		Measurement of density	198
	8.3.1	Density measurement methods	198
	8.3.2	Units of density	199
8.4		Ship/shore calculation procedures	199
	8.4.1	Outline of weight-in-air calculation	199
	8.4.2	Procedures using standard temperature	200
	8.4.3	Procedure using dynamic flow measurement	201
8.5		Example — cargo calculation	202
8.6		Other calculation procedures and measurement units	203
8.7		Cargo documentation	203
CHAPTER 9		PERSONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY	207
9.1		Cargo hazards	207
9.2		Flammability	210
9.2.1		Operational aspects	210
9.2.2		Emergency aspects	210
9.3		Air deficiency	210
9.3.1		Toxicity	210
9.3.2		Asphyxia (suffocation)	212
9.3.3		Medical treatment	213
9.3.4		Oxygen therapy	214
9.4		Frostbite	215
9.5		Chemical burns	216
9.6		Transport to hospital	217
9.7		Hazardous atmospheres	217
9.7.1		The need for gas testing	217
9.7.2		Oxygen analysers	218
9.7.3		Combustible gas indicators	220
9.7.4		Toxicity detectors	222
9.8		Entry into enclosed spaces	223
9.8.1		Precautions for tank entry	223
9.8.2		Procedures	224
9.8.3		Rescue from enclosed spaces	225
9.9		Personal protection	225
9.9.1		Breathing apparatus	225
9.9.2		Protective clothing	227
CHAPTER10		EMERGENCY PROCEDURES	229
10.1		The principal hazards	229
10.1.1		Flammability	229
10.1.2		Vaporisation of spilled liquid	230
10.1.3		Toxicity and toxic products of combustion	230
10.1.4		Frostbite	230
10.1.5		Brittle fracture	230

Page No.

10.2                      Liquefied gas fires                                                                       230

10.2.1            Fire detection                                                                         231

10.2.2            Jet fires                                                                                 231

10.2.3            Liquid (pool) fires                                                                   231

10.2.4            Fires in compressor rooms                                                     232

10.3                      Liquefied gas fire-fighting                                                              233

10.3.1            Alarm procedures                                                                   233

10.3.2            Extinguishing mediums                                                          233

10.3.3            Training                                                                                 235

10.4                      Emergency procedures                                                                235

10.4.1            The emergency plan                                                              235

10.4.2            Ship emergency procedures                                                   236

10.4.3            Terminal emergency procedures                                              237

10.5                      Emergency release and emergency shut-down                             238

10.5.1            Emergency shut-down (ESD) — ship/shore links                  238

10.5.2            Emergency release systems (ERS)                                       238

10.6                      Removal of ship from berth                                                          239

10.7                      Ship-to-ship cargo transfer                                                         239

APPENDIX 1	References	241
APPENDIX 2	Liquefied and Chemical Gases Covered by the IGC Code	245
APPENDIX 3	Ship/Shore Safety Check List	247
INDEX		269

Figures and Tables

Inside front and back covers — LPG and LNG carriers (to scale)

Figure No.        Title

1.1                    Constituents of natural gas

1.2                    Typical flow diagram for LNG liquefaction

1.3                    Typical oil/gas flow diagram

1.4                    Typical flow diagram — production of chemical gas

2.1                    Molecular structure of some saturated hydrocarbons

2.2                    Molecular structure of some unsaturated hydrocarbons

2.3                    Molecular structure of some chemical gases

2.4                    Solubility of water in butadiene

2.5                    The polymerisation of vinyl chloride

2.5(a)                Inhibitor information form

2.6                    Temperature/heat diagram for varying states of matter

2.7                    Characteristics of methane

2.8                    Simple refrigeration — evaporation/condensation cycle

2.9(a)                Boyle’s Law for gases (constant temperature)

2.9(b)                Charles’ Law for gases (constant pressure)

2.9(c)                Pressure Law for gases (constant volume)

2.10                  Relationship between adiabatic and isothermal compression

2.11                   Barometric method for measuring saturated vapour pressure

2.12                  Characteristics of propane

2.13                  Pressure/temperature relationship for hydrocarbon gases

2.14                  Pressure/temperature relationship for chemical gases

2.15                  Equilibrium diagram for propane/butane mixtures

2.16                  Mollier diagram for propane

2.17                  Flammable range for propane

2.18                  Flammable vapour zones — a liquefied gas spill

2.19                  Flammable limits of gas mixtures in air and nitrogen

3.1                    Prismatic self-supporting Type ‘A’ tank — fully refrigerated LPG carrier

3.2(a)                Self-supporting spherical Type ‘B’ tank

3.2(b)                Self-supporting prismatic Type ‘B’ tank

3.3                    Type ‘C’ tanks — fully pressurised gas carrier

3.4                    Type ‘C’ tanks — semi-pressurised gas carrier with bi-lobe tanks

3.5(a)                Gaz Transport membrane containment system — larger LNG carriers

3.5(b)                Construction of the Gaz Transport membrane system

3.6(a)                Technigaz membrane containment system — larger LNG carriers

3.6(b)                Construction of the Technigaz membrane — Mark lll

3.7                    Compressor room/electric motor room on a gas carrier

4.1                    Cargo tank dome piping arrangement — Type ‘C’ tank

4.2                    Pilot-operated relief valve

4.3                    Pump performance curves — a deepwell pump

4.4                    Centrifugal pumps in parallel — combined characteristics

Figure No.         Title

4.5                    Centrifugal pumps in series — combined characteristics

4.6                    Typical deepwell pump

4.7(a)                Submerged motor pump for LPG

4.7(b)                Typical LNG submerged motor pump assembly

4.8                    Vertical booster pump

4.9                    Horizontal booster pump

4.10                  Cargo heater

4.10(a)              Examples of indirect cooling cycles

4.11(a)              Single-stage direct reliquefaction cycle

4.11(b)              Mollier diagram — single-stage direct reliquefaction cycle

4.12(a)              Two-stage direct reliquefaction cycle with inter-stage cooling

4.12(b)              Mollier diagram — two-stage direct reliquefaction cycle

4.13                  Simplified cascade reliquefaction cycle

4.14                  Sulzer oil-free compressor

4.15                  Linde oil-free compressor

4.16                  Typical rotor for an oil-free screw compressor

4.17                  Typical purge gas condenser system

4.18                  Flow diagram of an inert gas generator

4.19                  Saturated water content of inert gas

4.20                  Drying of inert gas

4.21                   The membrane system for producing nitrogen

4.22                  Intrinsic safety using Zener barriers

4.23                  Float level gauge

4.24                  Nitrogen bubbler level gauge

4.25                  Differential pressure level gauge

4.26                  Electrical capacitance level gauge

5.1                    Typical gas carrier loading arm

5.2                    Loading arm operating envelope

5.3                    Quick connect/disconnect  coupling

5.4                    Powered emergency release coupling (PERC)

5.5                    Roots blower typically used for vapour return

5.6                    LPG loading terminal — vapour return using a shore based blower

5.7                    Fully pressurised storage in horizontal cylindrical tanks

5.8                    Rock cavern LPG storage

5.9                    Salt cavern LPG storage

5.10                  Semi-pressurised storage in spheres

5.11                   Typical single-wall tank — LPG storage

5.12                  LNG tank — concrete bund

5.13                  LNG tank — double-wall

5.14                  Double containment steel tank for LPG

5.15                  LPG tank — earth berm

5.16                  In-ground tank for LNG

5.17                  Bursting disc for surge pressure relief

5.18                  Flow diagram for reliquefaction within an LPG terminal

5.19                  LNG receiving terminal — vaporiser/sendout

5.20                  A positive displacement meter

5.21                   A turbine meter

5.22                  A prover loop

7.1                    Air drying — operational cycle

7.2                    Inerting cargo tanks by the displacement method

7.3(a)                Gassing-up cargo tanks using liquid from shore

7.3(b)                Gassing-up cargo tanks using vapour from shore

7.4                    Cargo tank cool-down using liquid from shore

7.5                    Loading with vapour return

7.6                    Loading without vapour return

7.7                    Cargo refrigeration at sea

Figure No.         Title

7.8                    Combined ship and shore pumping characteristics — single pump

7.9                    Illustration of static head and friction head

7.10                  Combined ship and shore pumping characteristics — parallel pumps

7.11                   Discharge without vapour return

7.12                  Discharge with vapour return

7.13                  Pipeline diagram of a cargo booster pump and heater

7.14                  Removal of cargo liquid residue by pressurisation

7.15                  Inerting of cargo tanks

7.16                  Aeration of cargo tanks

8.1                    Cargo calculations — correction for trim

8.2                    Cargo calculations — correction for list

9.1                    Patient label

9.2(a)                Oxygen indicator — circuit diagram

9.2(b)                Oxygen indicator — plan view

9.2(c)                A polarographic cell

9.3(a)                Combustible gas indicator — circuit diagram

9.3(b)                Combustible gas indicator — calibration graph

9.4                    Infrared gas analyser

9.5                    Toxic gas indicator

9.6                    Maritime safety card with safety check list

10.1                  Pool fire configurations

Table No.           Title

1.1                    Physical properties of some liquefied gases

2.1                    Synonyms for the main liquefied gases

2.2                    Chemical properties of liquefied gases

2.3(a)                Chemical compatibilities of liquefied gases

2.3(b)                Previous cargo compatibilities of liquefied gases

2.4                    Inert gas compositions

2.4(a)                Factors affecting lubrication

2.5                    Physical properties of gases

2.6                    Conversion factors for units of pressure

2.7                    Calculation for molecular mass of a gas mixture

2.8                    Ignition properties for liquefied gases

2.9                    Flammability range in air and oxygen for some liquefied gases

3.1                    Typical insulation materials

8.1                    ASTM 56 (short table)

9.1                    Health data — cargo vapour

9.1(a)                Health data — cargo inhibitors

9.2                    Additional health data — cargo liquid

9.3                    Liquefied gas groups — for medical first aid purposes

9.4                    Enclosed spaces on gas carriers